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Promethium vs Hafnium

Promethium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
-  
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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