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Promethium vs Hafnium

Promethium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
106   
29
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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