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Hafnium vs Radium

Hafnium
Radium
Radium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Ra  
Group Number
4  
14
2  
16
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440144  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
-  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
23
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
700.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
1,737.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
140.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
3,150.00 m/s  
37
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Ra  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.90  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
0.89  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
0.97  
39
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.92  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
0.89  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
3.10  
5
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
88  
30
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
88  
30
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
138  
17
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
88  
30
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
215.00 pm  
6
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
221.00 pm  
3
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
283.00 pm  
5
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
226.00 amu  
26
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Francium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Actinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
514.80 pm  
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
40.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
2
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
25.00 GPa  
38
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
5.00  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
18
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
973.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
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