Hafnium vs Radium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Ra
Group Number
4
14
2
16
Period Number
6
7
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440144
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
- Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Not Available
Discovery
In 1922
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
- It is used in luminous paints.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
700.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
1,737.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Ra
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
33
6
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
0.90
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
0.97
38
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.92
20
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
0.89
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
3.10
5
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
509.30 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
979.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
4.22 g/amp-hr
6
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
88
30
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
88
30
Number of Neutrons
106
29
138
16
Number of Electrons
72
99+
88
30
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
Not Available
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
221.00 pm
3
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
283.00 pm
4
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
226.00 amu
26
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
45.20 cm3/mol
4
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
20.10 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
514.80 pm
13
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
5.50 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
Not Available
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
Not Available
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
5.00
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
NA
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
100.00 nΩ·m
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Not Available
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
18.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Not Available
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
163.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
71.00 J/mol.K
14
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