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Radium vs Hafnium

Radium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Radium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Hf  
Group Number
2  
16
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
106  
30
Number of Electrons
88  
30
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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