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Radium vs Rutherfordium

Radium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Radium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Rf  
Group Number
2  
16
4  
14
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
-  
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
157  
8
Number of Electrons
88  
30
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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