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Hafnium vs Thulium


Thulium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Hf   
Tm   

Group Number
4   
14
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
d block   
f block   

Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440304   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  

Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Per Teodor Cleve   

Discovery
In 1922   
In 1879   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
1 * 10-8 %   
30

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00000002 %   
28

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
99+

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  

Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
NA   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Toxic   
Unknown   

Present in Human Body
No   
No   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
1,545.00 °C   
23

Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
1,730.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Gray   
Silvery Gray   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
471.00 MPa   
25

Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
520.00 MPa   
21

Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Hf   
Tm   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
32   
7

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.25   
35

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.11   
29

Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.75   
19

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33

Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26

Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
72   
99+
69   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
72   
99+
69   
99+

Number of Neutrons
106   
29
100   
32

Number of Electrons
72   
99+
69   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
176.00 pm   
18

Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
160.00 pm   
30

Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
Not Available   

Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
168.93 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
18.10 cm3/mol   
28

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Erbium
  

Next Element
Tantalum
  
Ytterbium
  

Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
49.70 (-eV)   
28

Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
353.75 pm   
40

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
1.57   
17

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
9.32 g/cm3   
40

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
8.56 g/cm3   
24

Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.06 (Pa)   
10

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
30.50 GPa   
22

Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
44.50 GPa   
26

Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
74.00 GPa   
27

Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.21   
31

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
9.32   
31

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
676.00 nΩ·m   
5

Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35

Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
27.03 J/mol·K   
22

Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
16.90 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
16.80 kJ/mol   
17

Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
74.00 J/mol.K   
9

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