Hafnium vs Zinc
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Zn
Group Number
4
14
12
6
Period Number
6
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440666
24
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Indian metallurgists
Discovery
In 1922
Before 1000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
3 * 10-5 %
11
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0002 %
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.01 %
16
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
10
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
6
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
In Bone
Not Available
170.00 p.p.m.
6
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
419.58 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
907.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
327.00 MPa
32
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
3,850.00 m/s
18
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
2
Reflectivity
Not Available
80.00 %
5
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Zn
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.65
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.23
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.66
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.65
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.35
35
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
906.40 kJ/mol
6
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.33 eV
17
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
30
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
30
99+
Number of Neutrons
106
29
35
99+
Number of Electrons
72
99+
30
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
139.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
65.38 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
38.90 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
266.49 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
7.14 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
6.57 g/cm3
37
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
43.00 GPa
18
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
70.00 GPa
19
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
108.00 GPa
19
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.25
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
6.90
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
59.00 nΩ·m
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
25.47 J/mol·K
39
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
116.00 W/m·K
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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