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Zinc vs Hafnium

Zinc
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Zinc


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn  
Hf  
Group Number
12  
6
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440666  
24
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
16
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
6
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.  
6
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
419.58 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
907.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa  
39
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
207.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s  
25
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zn  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65  
20
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23  
7
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66  
8
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65  
20
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35  
35
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol  
28
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol  
12
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol  
20
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol  
10
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol  
10
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
906.00 kJ/mol  
9
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
37
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
5
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
3
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
7
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol  
4
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV  
24
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
30  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
30  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
30  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Copper
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Gallium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
7
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa  
18
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa  
20
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa  
21
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.90  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
6
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m  
40
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω  
12
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)  
14
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K  
14
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
692.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)  
11
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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