Indium

Cerium

Indium vs Cerium

Indium

Cerium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

13NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

74407467440451

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

I4/mmm

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

139.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.

Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.

It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.

Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter

Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1863

In 1803

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-8 %1 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000004 %~0.0000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.

Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.

It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.

Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Moderately Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NA2.70 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

156.61 °C795.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,000.00 °C3,257.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Gray

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.202.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

8.80 MPa186.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA210.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,215.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3530

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.781.12

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.14NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.491.08

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.76NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.66NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.222.88

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

558.30 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,820.70 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,704.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,210.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA6,325.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA7,490.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.43 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.12 eV2.84 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4958

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹

[Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Tetragonal (TETR)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4958

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

6682

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4958

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

167.00 pm181.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

142.00 pm204.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

193.00 pm235.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

114.82 amu140.12 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

15.70 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

54.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

325.23 pm362.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.31 g/cm³6.77 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

7.02 g/cm36.55 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

2.50 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.01 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA1.04 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA13.50 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA21.50 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

11.00 GPa33.60 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.24

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.316.77

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

83.70 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.12 10⁶/cm Ω0.01 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

28.90 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.23 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.74 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

81.80 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

32.10 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

226.40 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

3.28 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

242.70 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

57.80 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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