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Indium vs Thallium

Indium
Thallium
Thallium vs Indium


Periodic Table
Symbol
In   
Tl   
Group Number
13   
5
13   
5
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440746   
17
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
I4/mmm   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
139.00   
8
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
  • Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1863   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %   
28
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
  • Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa   
99+
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s   
99+
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78   
16
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14   
8
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49   
13
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76   
10
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22   
38
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol   
18
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol   
39
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr   
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV   
24
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
49   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
66   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
49   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm   
24
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm   
99+
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm   
31
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol   
33
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cadmium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Tin
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)   
25
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm   
99+
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3   
99+
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3   
33
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)   
11
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa   
99+
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31   
99+
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m   
34
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω   
17
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K   
25
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K   
21
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)   
9
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol   
40
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol   
99+
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol   
99+
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K   
22
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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