Indium vs Thallium
Periodic Table
Symbol
In
Tl
Group Number
13
5
13
5
Period Number
5
6
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440746
17
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
I4/mmm
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
139.00
8
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1863
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %
28
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa
99+
26.50 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s
99+
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78
16
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14
8
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49
13
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76
10
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.66
18
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22
38
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol
18
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol
39
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV
24
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
49
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
66
99+
123
20
Number of Electrons
49
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm
24
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm
99+
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm
31
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol
33
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)
25
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm
99+
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3
99+
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3
33
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa
21
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)
11
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa
99+
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.31
99+
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m
34
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω
17
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
25
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K
21
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)
9
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol
40
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol
99+
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol
99+
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K
22
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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