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Lead vs Cadmium

Lead
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Cd  
Group Number
14  
4
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
82  
34
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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