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Cadmium vs Polonium

Cadmium
Polonium
Polonium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Po   
Group Number
12   
6
16   
2
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Not Available   
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