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Polonium vs Cadmium

Polonium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Cd  
Group Number
16  
2
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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