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Polonium vs Osmium

Polonium
Osmium
Osmium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Os  
Group Number
16  
2
8  
10
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440042  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Smithson Tennant  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
3,045.00 °C  
3
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
5,027.00 °C  
6
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
7.00  
3
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
3,490.00 MPa  
1
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
3,920.00 MPa  
1
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.07  
12
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
80.00 %  
7
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Os  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.52  
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.83 eV  
13
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
76  
40
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
76  
39
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
114  
26
Number of Electrons
84  
32
76  
39
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
133.80 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
190.23 amu  
35
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Rhenium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Iridium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
91.40 (-eV)  
12
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
273.44 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.58  
37
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
22.59 g/cm3  
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
20.00 g/cm3  
11
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
1,000.00 MPa  
4
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
3
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
39
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
222.00 GPa  
1
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
462.00 GPa  
1
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
528.00 GPa  
1
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
22.57  
11
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
17
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
87.60 W/m·K  
19
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
3,300.00 K  
3
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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