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Osmium vs Polonium

Osmium
Polonium
Polonium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Po  
Group Number
8  
10
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
125  
20
Number of Electrons
76  
39
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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