Polonium vs Zirconium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Zr
Group Number
16
2
4
14
Period Number
6
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440677
23
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
221.00
3
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Discovery
In 1898
In 1789
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
5 * 10-6 %
13
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.10 p.p.m.
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
1,852.00 °C
15
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
4,377.00 °C
11
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
638.00 MPa
19
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
820.00 MPa
15
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,800.00 m/s
20
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Zr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.33
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.90
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.22
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
1.32
34
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.67
24
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.05 eV
26
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
40
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
40
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
51
99+
Number of Electrons
84
32
40
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
160.00 pm
27
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
91.22 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
14.10 cm3/mol
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
80.00 (-eV)
18
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
323.20 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
6.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
5.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
21
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
33.00 GPa
20
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
91.10 GPa
17
Young's Modulus
Not Available
88.00 GPa
22
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
6.51
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
421.00 nΩ·m
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
41.10 kJ/mol
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
22.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
581.60 kJ/mol
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
20.90 kJ/mol
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
598.00 kJ/mol
10
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
39.00 J/mol.K
39
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