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Zirconium vs Polonium

Zirconium
Polonium
Polonium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Po   
Group Number
4   
14
16   
2
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
Not Available   
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