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Polonium vs Scandium

Polonium
Scandium
Scandium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Sc  
Group Number
16  
2
3  
15
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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