Polonium Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Sc
Group Number
16
2
3
15
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
221.00
3
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1898
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
24
99+
Number of Electrons
84
32
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
Not Available
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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