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Polonium vs Lead

Polonium
Lead
Lead vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Pb   
Group Number
16   
2
14   
4
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1898   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
38.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
125   
19
Number of Electrons
84   
32
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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