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Lead vs Polonium

Lead
Polonium
Polonium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Po   
Group Number
14   
4
16   
2
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
125   
19
Number of Electrons
82   
34
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
Not Available   
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