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Lead vs Polonium

Lead
Polonium
Polonium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Po  
Group Number
14  
4
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
125  
20
Number of Electrons
82  
34
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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