Polonium vs Gallium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Ga
Group Number
16
2
13
5
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440553
32
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
Cmca
Space Group Number
221.00
3
64.00
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1898
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
29.78 °C
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
2,403.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
56.80 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,740.00 m/s
31
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.81
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.42
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.82
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
2.01
5
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
1.76
14
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.19
39
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4th Energy Level
Not Available
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.20 eV
23
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
31
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
31
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
39
99+
Number of Electrons
84
32
31
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
135.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
187.00 pm
32
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
69.72 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
69.70 (-eV)
19
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
451.97 pm
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
5.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
15
Elasticity properties
Young's Modulus
Not Available
9.80 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.47
1
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
5.91
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
270.00 nΩ·m
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
25.86 J/mol·K
35
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
40.60 W/m·K
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
256.10 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
276.10 kJ/mol
39
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
40.80 J/mol.K
38
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