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Polonium vs Gallium

Polonium
Gallium
Gallium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Ga   
Group Number
16   
2
13   
5
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440553   
32
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Cmca   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
64.00   
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1875   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
29.78 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
2,403.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
56.80 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Ga   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.81   
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.42   
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.82   
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
2.01   
5
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.76   
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.19   
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.20 eV   
23
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
31   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
31   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
39   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
31   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
135.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
187.00 pm   
32
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
69.72 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
69.70 (-eV)   
19
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
451.97 pm   
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
9.80 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.47   
1
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
5.91   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
40.60 W/m·K   
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
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