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Gallium vs Polonium

Gallium
Polonium
Polonium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Po  
Group Number
13  
5
16  
2
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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