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Gallium vs Polonium

Gallium
Polonium
Polonium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Po   
Group Number
13   
5
16   
2
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
Not Available   
Periodic Table >>
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