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Polonium Lead Comparison

Polonium
Lead
Lead Polonium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Pb  
Group Number
16  
2
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
-  
Discovery
In 1898  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
125  
20
Number of Electrons
84  
32
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
Summary >>
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