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Scandium Polonium Comparison

Scandium
Polonium
Polonium Scandium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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