Scandium Polonium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Po
Group Number
3
15
16
2
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440086
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
221.00
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
In 1879
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
254.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
962.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.76
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.48
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
2.19
2
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
812.10 kJ/mol
14
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
84
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
84
32
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
21
99+
84
32
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
168.00 pm
23
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
140.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
197.00 pm
29
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
209.00 amu
28
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
22.23 cm3/mol
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
Not Available
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
335.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
9.20 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
9.40 g/cm3
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
Not Available
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
183.30 kJ/mol
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
26.40 J/mol·K
28
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
20.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
13.00 kJ/mol
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
Not Available
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