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Lead
Lead

Promethium
Promethium



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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pb
Pm
1.2 Group Number
14NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74399217440122
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Not Available
1.8 Space Group Number
225.00NA
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
2.3.2 Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1942
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %NA
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
NA
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
327.50 °C1,042.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C3,000.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Unknown
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pb
Pm
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3527
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.87NA
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.551.07
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.85NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.67NA
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol540.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol2,150.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol3,970.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr1.80 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.25 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
8261
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
8261
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
12584
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
8261
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
175.00 pm183.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm199.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm236.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
207.20 amu145.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol22.39 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)44.10 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
495.08 pmNA
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Unknown
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm37.26 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
12.00 MPaNA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa18.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa33.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa46.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.440.28
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.357.26
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m0.75 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm ΩNA
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.18 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K17.90 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)9.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol7.50 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol310.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1