Lead

Thorium

Lead vs Thorium

Lead

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

140

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74399217440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000001 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.21 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

30.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

327.50 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,740.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.503.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

38.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,190.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3528

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.871.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.29NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.551.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.41NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.85NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.672.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

715.60 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,450.50 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,081.50 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,083.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,640.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.87 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.25 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

8290

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

8290

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

125142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

8290

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

175.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

146.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

202.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

207.20 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

18.17 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

24.20 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

495.08 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.34 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.66 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

12.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

1.64 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

5.60 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

46.00 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

16.00 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.440.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.3511.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

208.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.05 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

35.10 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.65 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

35.30 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

28.90 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

179.40 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.77 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

194.60 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

64.80 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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