Lead vs Vanadium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
V
Group Number
14
4
5
13
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440622
27
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Andrés Manuel del Río
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-4 %
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.00004 %
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
0.00 p.p.m.
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
1,890.00 °C
13
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
3,380.00 °C
20
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Blue-Silver Grey
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
6.70
4
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
600.00 MPa
20
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
628.00 MPa
17
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
4,560.00 m/s
17
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
61.00 %
14
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
V
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
22
17
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
1.63
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
1.39
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.45
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
1.53
26
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
2.37
34
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
7th Energy level
Not Available
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
23
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
23
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
28
99+
Number of Electrons
82
34
23
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
153.00 pm
33
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
50.94 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
120.00 (-eV)
6
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
303.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
6.00 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
5.50 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
800.00 MPa
6
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.23 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
47.00 GPa
16
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
128.00 GPa
15
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
5.96
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
197.00 nΩ·m
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
50.60 kJ/mol
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
30.70 W/m·K
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
458.60 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
514.60 kJ/mol
13
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
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