Mercury

Cobalt

Mercury vs Cobalt

Mercury

Cobalt

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

129

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74399767440484

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

R_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

166.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.

A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.

Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Ancient Chinese and Indians

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

Before 2000 BCE

In 1732

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.05 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.45 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

NA1,495.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

356.58 °C2,870.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Liquid

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA5.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,451.40 m/s4,720.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

1.00NA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

73.00 %67.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-Cobalt

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-Cobalt

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3426

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.001.88

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.202.56

0.22 2.56

1.1.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.441.70

0.86 1.82

1.1.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.81NA

0.62 2.48

1.1.3 Allen Electronegativity

1.441.84

0.659 2.7

1.3 Electropositivity

1.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.002.12

1.46 3.3

1.4 Ionization Energies

1.4.1 1st Energy Level

1,007.10 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

1.4.2 2nd Energy Level

1,810.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

1.6.2 3rd Energy Level

3,300.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

1.6.3 4th Energy Level

NA4,950.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

1.6.4 5th Energy Level

NA7,670.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

1.6.6 6th Energy Level

NA9,840.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

1.6.7 7th Energy level

NA12,440.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

1.6.8 8th Energy Level

NA15,230.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

1.6.9 9th Energy Level

NA17,959.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

1.6.11 10th Energy Level

NA26,570.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

1.6.12 11th Energy Level

NA29,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

1.7.1 12th Energy Level

NA32,400.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

1.7.2 13th Energy Level

NA36,600.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

1.7.3 14th Energy Level

NA39,700.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

1.8.3 15th Energy Level

NA42,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

1.9.4 16th Energy Level

NA49,396.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

1.9.5 17th Energy Level

NA52,737.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

1.9.6 18th Energy Level

NA134,810.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

1.9.7 19th Energy Level

NA145,170.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

1.9.8 20th Energy Level

NA154,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

1.9.9 21st Energy Level

NA167,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

1.9.10 22nd Energy Level

NA178,100.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

1.9.11 23rd Energy Level

NA189,300.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

1.9.12 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

1.9.13 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

1.9.14 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

1.9.15 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

1.9.16 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

1.9.17 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

1.9.18 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

1.10 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.74 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

1.11 Electron Work Function

4.49 eV5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

1.12 Other Chemical Properties

Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Ionization

2 Atomic

2.1 Atomic Number

8022

3 117

2.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

2.3 Crystal Structure

Rhombohedral (RHO)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

2.3.1 Crystal Lattice

2.4 Atom

2.4.1 Number of Protons

8022

3 117

2.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12126

4 184

2.4.3 Number of Electrons

8022

3 117

2.5 Radius of an Atom

2.5.1 Atomic Radius

151.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

2.5.2 Covalent Radius

132.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

155.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

2.6 Atomic Weight

200.59 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

2.7 Atomic Volume

14.82 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

2.8.1 Previous Element

2.8.2 Next Element

2.9 Valence Electron Potential

28.20 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

2.10 Lattice Constant

300.50 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

2.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

3 Mechanical

3.1 Density

3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

13.53 g/cm³4.51 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA4.11 g/cm3

0.512 20

3.2 Tensile Strength

NA434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

3.3 Viscosity

0.00NA

0.001526 0.001526

3.4 Vapor Pressure

3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

3.5 Elasticity properties

3.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA44.00 GPa

1.3 222

3.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA110.00 GPa

1.6 462

3.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA116.00 GPa

1.7 528

3.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.32

0.032 0.47

3.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

4 Magnetic

4.1 Magnetic Characteristics

4.1.1 Specific Gravity

13.534,500.00

0.53 4500

4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

4.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

4.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

4.2 Electrical Properties

4.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Poor Conductor

4.2.2 Resistivity

961.00 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.01 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

4.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

5 Thermal

5.1 Specific Heat

0.14 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

5.2 Molar Heat Capacity

27.98 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

5.3 Thermal Conductivity

8.30 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

5.4 Critical Temperature

1,750.00 KNA

26.3 3223

5.5 Thermal Expansion

60.40 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

5.6 Enthalpy

5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

56.90 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

2.29 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

61.50 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

5.7 Standard Molar Entropy

75.80 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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