1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74399767440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
4.2 Boiling Point
356.58 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
132.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
200.59 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
300.50 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
0.00NA
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0.001526
0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1