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Molybdenum vs Cadmium

Molybdenum
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo  
Cd  
Group Number
6  
12
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439987  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1778  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C  
5
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C  
9
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa  
7
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa  
11
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s  
9
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
58.00 %  
25
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mo  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16  
6
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15  
34
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.16  
7
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
2.16  
3
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV  
17
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
42  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
54  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
42  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm  
34
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)  
13
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.03  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3  
39
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa  
15
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa  
8
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa  
6
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa  
6
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22  
40
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
29
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K  
12
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,896.00 K  
6
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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