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Cadmium vs Vanadium

Cadmium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
V   
Group Number
12   
6
5   
13
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440622   
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-4 %   
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.00004 %   
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,890.00 °C   
13
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
3,380.00 °C   
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Blue-Silver Grey   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
6.70   
4
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
600.00 MPa   
20
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
628.00 MPa   
17
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
4,560.00 m/s   
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
61.00 %   
14
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
V   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
22   
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.63   
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.39   
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.45   
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.53   
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.37   
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
7th Energy level
Not Available   
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
23   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
23   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
23   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
153.00 pm   
33
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
50.94 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
120.00 (-eV)   
6
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
303.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
800.00 MPa   
6
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.23 (Pa)   
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
47.00 GPa   
16
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
128.00 GPa   
15
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
5.96   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
30.70 W/m·K   
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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