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Cadmium vs Vanadium

Cadmium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
V  
Group Number
12  
6
5  
13
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440622  
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
1,890.00 °C  
13
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
3,380.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Blue-Silver Grey  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
6.70  
4
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
24
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
628.00 MPa  
25
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
4,560.00 m/s  
22
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
2.05  
13
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
V  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
22  
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.63  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.39  
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.63  
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.53  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.37  
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
23  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
23  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
23  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
153.00 pm  
35
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
50.94 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
120.00 (-eV)  
6
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.70  
9
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
800.00 MPa  
6
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
11
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.23 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
47.00 GPa  
16
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
128.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
5.96  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
8
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
30.70 W/m·K  
40
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
2,183.00 K  
15
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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