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Vanadium vs Cadmium

Vanadium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V   
Cd   
Group Number
5   
13
12   
6
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440622   
27
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %   
10
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %   
13
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
14
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %   
12
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C   
13
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C   
20
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Blue-Silver Grey   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70   
4
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa   
20
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa   
17
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s   
17
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
61.00 %   
14
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22   
17
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63   
20
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39   
17
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.53   
26
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37   
34
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
23   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm   
33
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)   
6
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa   
6
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)   
16
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa   
16
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa   
15
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K   
39
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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