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Vanadium Cadmium Comparison

Vanadium
Cadmium
Cadmium Vanadium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Cd  
Group Number
5  
13
12  
6
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
Summary >>
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