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Molybdenum vs Niobium

Molybdenum
Niobium
Niobium vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo  
Nb  
Group Number
6  
12
5  
13
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439987  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1778  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C  
5
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C  
9
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa  
7
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa  
11
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s  
9
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
58.00 %  
25
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mo  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16  
6
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15  
34
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.16  
7
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
2.16  
3
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV  
17
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
42  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
54  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
42  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm  
34
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)  
13
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.03  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3  
39
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa  
15
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa  
8
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa  
6
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa  
6
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22  
40
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
29
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K  
12
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
2,896.00 K  
6
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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