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Niobium vs Molybdenum

Niobium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Mo   
Group Number
5   
13
6   
12
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.30   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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