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Neptunium vs Thallium

Neptunium
Thallium
Thallium vs Neptunium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Np  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7439998  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Pnma  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
62.00  
14
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Neptunium was the first transuranium element to be discovered.  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1940  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
640.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C  
13
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
622.00 MPa  
23
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
640.00 MPa  
23
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Np  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.36  
23
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.36  
37
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,785.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
61,800.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
60,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,420.00 kJ/mol  
31
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
17
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
40
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
18
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
93  
25
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
93  
25
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
144  
15
123  
21
Number of Electrons
93  
25
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm  
32
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu  
22
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Uranium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Plutonium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)  
9
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm  
3
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.43  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3  
14
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.25 g/cm3  
10
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa  
26
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
20.25  
15
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
118.60 kJ/mol  
6
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K  
10
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol  
39
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
275.30 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.00 J/mol.K  
21
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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