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Nickel Gold Comparison

Nickel
Gold
Gold Nickel comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Au  
Group Number
10  
8
11  
7
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
-  
Discovery
In 1751  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
118  
24
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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