Nickel vs Cerium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni
Ce
Group Number
10
8
Not Available
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440020
99+
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In 1751
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %
4
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %
3
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %
3
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
15
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
13
0.00 %
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
14
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
18
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C
31
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C
38
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.00
10
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa
18
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa
16
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s
12
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
72.00 %
9
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91
10
1.12
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94
10
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.08
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.88
6
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09
99+
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol
25
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV
2
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
28
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
31
99+
82
99+
Number of Electrons
28
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm
99+
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm
99+
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu
99+
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)
99+
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm
99+
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3
99+
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3
29
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa
11
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
31
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)
6
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa
12
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa
11
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31
13
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.90
33
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
2
Not Available
Susceptibility
600.00
2
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m
39
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol
6
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K
31
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K
18
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol
20
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
14
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol
17
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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