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Cerium vs Cobalt

Cerium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Co   
Group Number
Not Available   
9   
9
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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