Symbol
Ni
  
Cr
  
Period Number
4
  
4
  
Block
d block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
  
Discovery
In 1751
  
In Between 1797 - 1798
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10
-3 %
  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
  
17
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
  
12
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
  
18
0.33 p.p.m.
  
21
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C
  
31
1,857.00 °C
  
14
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C
  
38
2,672.00 °C
  
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silver
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa
  
10
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s
  
12
5,940.00 m/s
  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Ni
  
Cr
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol
  
25
26,130.00 kJ/mol
  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol
  
25
28,750.00 kJ/mol
  
1
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol
  
17
34,230.00 kJ/mol
  
1
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol
  
15
37,066.00 kJ/mol
  
1
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol
  
15
97,510.00 kJ/mol
  
1
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
105,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol
  
10
114,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol
  
10
125,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol
  
10
134,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol
  
14
144,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol
  
7
26,130.00 kJ/mol
  
12
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
28,750.00 kJ/mol
  
13
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol
  
7
34,230.00 kJ/mol
  
10
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol
  
8
37,066.00 kJ/mol
  
12
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol
  
10
97,510.00 kJ/mol
  
1
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol
  
12
105,800.00 kJ/mol
  
2
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol
  
11
114,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol
  
12
125,300.00 kJ/mol
  
4
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
134,700.00 kJ/mol
  
5
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol
  
3
144,300.00 kJ/mol
  
7
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol
  
3
157,700.00 kJ/mol
  
7
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol
  
2
166,090.00 kJ/mol
  
6
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol
  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)
  
99+
170.00 (-eV)
  
4
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm
3
  
99+
7.19 g/cm
3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
  
Antiferromagnetic
  
Permeability
Not Available
  
Susceptibility
Not Available
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
NA
  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m
  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 10
6/cm Ω
  
13
0.08 10
6/cm Ω
  
25
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol
  
6
64.30 kJ/mol
  
15
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)
  
13
0.45 J/(kg K)
  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K
  
31
23.35 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K
  
18
93.90 W/m·K
  
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
  
28
4.90 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol
  
20
348.80 kJ/mol
  
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
  
14
15.31 kJ/mol
  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol
  
17
397.50 kJ/mol
  
21
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K
  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K
  
99+