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Chromium vs Cobalt

Chromium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr   
Co   
Group Number
6   
12
9   
9
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440473   
39
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %   
7
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %   
7
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
13
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C   
14
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C   
39
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50   
1
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa   
16
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa   
10
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s   
5
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21   
18
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66   
14
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56   
10
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34   
36
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV   
14
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
24   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)   
4
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3   
40
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa   
7
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)   
1
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa   
9
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa   
8
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19   
99+
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K   
17
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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