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Chromium vs Nickel

Chromium
Nickel
Nickel vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr   
Ni   
Group Number
6   
12
10   
8
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440473   
39
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %   
7
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %   
7
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
13
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C   
14
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C   
39
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50   
1
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa   
16
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa   
10
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s   
5
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21   
18
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66   
14
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56   
10
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34   
36
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV   
14
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
24   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)   
4
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3   
40
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa   
7
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)   
1
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa   
9
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa   
8
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19   
99+
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Conductor   
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K   
17
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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