1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400207440508
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1751
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %6 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %~0.00007 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.12 Abundance In Oceans
2.5.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-31.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.1.1 In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,453.00 °C1,084.62 °C
27
3410
5.5 Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C2,562.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.8.2 Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa235.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.8.4 Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa343.00 MPa
121
3430
5.10 Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
5.12 Optical Properties
5.12.1 Refractive Index
5.12.2 Reflectivity
5.15 Allotropes
5.15.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.15.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.15.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.1.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.2.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.3.1 Allen Electronegativity
7.5 Electropositivity
7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.6 Ionization Energies
7.6.1 1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.7.2 2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.7.4 3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.7.6 4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol5,536.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.8.1 5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol7,700.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
7.8.2 6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol9,900.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.1.2 7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol13,400.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.1.5 8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol16,000.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
8.1.7 9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol19,200.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
8.2.3 10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol22,400.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
8.2.5 11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol25,600.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.2.6 12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol35,600.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
8.2.8 13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol38,700.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.1.1 14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol42,000.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.2.1 15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol46,700.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.2.2 16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol50,200.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.3.1 17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol53,700.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.3.2 18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol61,100.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.4.1 19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol64,702.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.4.2 20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol163,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.5.1 21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol174,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.5.2 22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol184,900.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
9.6.2 23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol198,800.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
9.6.3 24th Energy Level
9.6.5 25th Energy Level
9.6.6 26th Energy Level
9.6.8 27th Energy Level
9.6.9 28th Energy Level
9.7.1 29th Energy Level
9.7.2 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
124.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
124.00 pm132.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm140.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
58.69 amu63.55 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
352.40 pm361.49 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm38.96 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm38.02 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.53 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa48.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa140.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa120.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
0.00 H/m1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
12.1.4 Susceptibility
600.00-9.63 * 10-6
-0.000166
200000
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.60 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1