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Nickel vs Niobium

Nickel
Niobium
Niobium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Nb  
Group Number
10  
8
5  
13
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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