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Niobium vs Nickel

Niobium
Nickel
Nickel vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Ni  
Group Number
5  
13
10  
8
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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