Nickel

Polonium

Nickel vs Polonium

Nickel

Polonium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1016

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

p block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Post-Transition

1.6 CAS Number

74400207440086

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Pm-3m

2.2 Space Group Number

225.00221.00

11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

3.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Mining, Ores of metals

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

3.3.2 Discovery

In 1751

In 1898

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-3 %NA

5E-09 0.11

3.5.1 Abundance In Sun

~0.008 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

3.6.1 Abundance In Meteorites

1.30 %NA

1.7E-07 22

3.7.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

3.8.2 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.8.3 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

4.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

4.1.2 Medical Uses

4.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Highly Toxic

4.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.2.3 In Blood

0.05 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.2.5 In Bone

0.70 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

1,453.00 °C254.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

2,732.00 °C962.00 °C

147 5660

5.3 Appearance

5.3.1 Physical State

Solid

5.3.2 Color

Silver

5.3.3 Luster

Metallic

5.4 Hardness

5.4.1 Mohs Hardness

4.00NA

0.2 8.5

5.4.2 Brinell Hardness

667.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

5.4.3 Vickers Hardness

638.00 MPaNA

121 3430

5.5 Speed of Sound

4,900.00 m/sNA

818 16200

5.6 Optical Properties

5.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

5.6.2 Reflectivity

72.00 %NA

58 97

5.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

5.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-polonium

5.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-polonium

5.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

6 Chemical

6.1 Chemical Formula

6.2 Isotopes

6.2.1 Known Isotopes

2529

0 38

6.3 Electronegativity

6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.912.00

0.7 2.54

6.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.94NA

0.22 2.56

6.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.751.76

0.86 1.82

6.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA2.48

0.62 2.48

6.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.882.19

0.659 2.7

6.4 Electropositivity

6.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.092.00

1.46 3.3

6.5 Ionization Energies

6.5.1 1st Energy Level

737.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

6.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,753.00 kJ/molNA

710.2162 28750

6.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,395.00 kJ/molNA

1600 34230

6.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,300.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

6.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,339.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

6.5.6 6th Energy Level

10,400.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

6.5.7 7th Energy level

12,800.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

6.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,600.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

6.5.9 9th Energy Level

18,600.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

6.5.10 10th Energy Level

21,670.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

6.5.11 11th Energy Level

30,970.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

6.5.12 12th Energy Level

34,000.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

6.5.13 13th Energy Level

37,100.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

6.5.14 14th Energy Level

41,500.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

6.5.15 15th Energy Level

44,800.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

6.5.16 16th Energy Level

48,100.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

6.5.17 17th Energy Level

55,101.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

6.5.18 18th Energy Level

58,570.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

6.5.19 19th Energy Level

148,700.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

6.5.20 20th Energy Level

159,000.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

6.5.21 21st Energy Level

169,400.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

6.5.22 22nd Energy Level

182,700.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

6.5.23 23rd Energy Level

194,000.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

6.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

6.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

6.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

6.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

6.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

6.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

6.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

6.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.10 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

6.7 Electron Work Function

5.15 eVNA

2.14 5.65

6.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

7 Atomic

7.1 Atomic Number

2884

3 117

7.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² Or [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s¹

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

7.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Monoclinic (MON)

7.3.1 Crystal Lattice

7.4 Atom

7.4.1 Number of Protons

2884

3 117

7.4.2 Number of Neutrons

31125

4 184

7.4.3 Number of Electrons

2884

3 117

7.5 Radius of an Atom

7.5.1 Atomic Radius

124.00 pm168.00 pm

112 265

7.5.2 Covalent Radius

124.00 pm140.00 pm

96 260

7.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

163.00 pm197.00 pm

139 348

7.6 Atomic Weight

58.69 amu209.00 amu

6.94 294

7.7 Atomic Volume

6.59 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

7.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

7.8.1 Previous Element

7.8.2 Next Element

7.9 Valence Electron Potential

42.00 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

7.10 Lattice Constant

352.40 pm335.90 pm

228.58 891.25

7.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

7.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

8 Mechanical

8.1 Density

8.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

8.91 g/cm³9.20 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

8.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

7.81 g/cm39.40 g/cm3

0.512 20

8.2 Tensile Strength

345.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

8.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

8.4 Vapor Pressure

8.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

8.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

19.50 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

8.5 Elasticity properties

8.5.1 Shear Modulus

76.00 GPaNA

1.3 222

8.5.2 Bulk Modulus

180.00 GPaNA

1.6 462

8.5.3 Young's Modulus

200.00 GPaNA

1.7 528

8.6 Poisson Ratio

0.31NA

0.032 0.47

8.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

9 Magnetic

9.1 Magnetic Characteristics

9.1.1 Specific Gravity

8.909.32

0.53 4500

9.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Ferromagnetic

Nonmagnetic

9.1.3 Permeability

0.00 H/mNA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

9.1.4 Susceptibility

600.00NA

-0.000166 200000

9.2 Electrical Properties

9.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

9.2.2 Resistivity

69.30 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

9.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.14 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

9.2.4 Electron Affinity

112.00 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol

0 222.8

10 Thermal

10.1 Specific Heat

0.44 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

10.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.07 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

10.3 Thermal Conductivity

90.90 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

10.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

10.5 Thermal Expansion

13.40 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

10.6 Enthalpy

10.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

371.80 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

10.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

17.57 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

10.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

422.60 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

10.7 Standard Molar Entropy

29.90 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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