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Nickel vs Promethium

Nickel
Promethium
Promethium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Pm  
Group Number
10  
8
3  
15
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
-  
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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