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Promethium vs Nickel

Promethium
Nickel
Nickel vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Ni   
Group Number
Not Available   
10   
8
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
Not Available   
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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