Symbol
Nb
  
Bk
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
5
  
7
  
Block
d block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  
Discovery
In 1801
  
In 1949
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
NA
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic
  
Unknown
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
  
25
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
  
99+
2,627.00 °C
  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Silver
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
  
21
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Nb
  
Bk
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3,434.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
  
36
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
  
99+
3.07 g/amp-hr
  
16
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
  
8
45.50 (-eV)
  
36
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
  
99+
14.78 g/cm3
  
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
13.25 g/cm3
  
11
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
  
23
Not Available
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 10
6/cm Ω
  
28
Not Available
  
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
  
20
Not Available
  
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
  
99+
Not Available
  
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
  
29
10.00 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
  
99+
Not Available