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Niobium Hafnium Comparison

Niobium
Hafnium
Hafnium Niobium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb   
Hf   
Group Number
5   
13
4   
14
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440031   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1801   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
Not Available   
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C   
6
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa   
14
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa   
12
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s   
21
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60   
23
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42   
16
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.41   
31
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40   
31
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
52   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
41   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm   
35
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm   
28
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)   
8
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa   
19
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa   
20
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57   
37
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K   
29
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
Summary >>
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